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In the opening keynote titled 'Beyond the Language' at RubyDay 2015, speaker Simone Carletti introduces the concept of algorithms through the practical problem of identifying a poisoned beignet among several on a table. Carletti explains that an algorithm is a set of rules or processes to follow for problem-solving, especially in computing, and is crucial for programmers. He starts with a relatable problem involving a coffee table with beignets, where one is poisoned and heavier than the others. The goal is to devise an efficient algorithm to identify the poisoned beignet without wasting time weighted against the desire to eat as many good beignets as possible.

Key points discussed include:
- **Definition of Algorithms**: An algorithm dictates the operational rules for solving problems, primarily through computation.
- **Understanding Efficiency**: The efficiency of an algorithm relates to its cost, measured in CPU time and storage, and is classified using Big O notation.
- **Example of Algorithm Design**: Carletti illustrates a simple algorithm to find the poisoned beignet by weighing each one against the others, originally presenting a linear complexity of O(n). He argues that efficiency doesn't merely relate to speed but involves finding faster algorithms for identical tasks.
- **Advanced Algorithms**: Multiple strategies are introduced to improve the initial approach, including the 'divide and conquer' method, which reduces the search exponentially by weighing groups. Another refined method involves weighing three groups, improving the efficiency of finding the poisoned beignet.
- **Importance of Data Structures**: Carletti discusses how data structures, like hash tables in Ruby, significantly affect algorithm performance. He explains that optimizing hash functions leads to better execution times. Poor structural design can yield inefficient algorithms.

In conclusion, while one does not need to master algorithms and data structures merely to be labeled a programmer, the pursuit of becoming a competent or exceptional programmer necessitates understanding these concepts. Carletti recommends seminal literature such as 'The Algorithm Design Manual' and 'Ruby Under a Microscope' for further exploration into algorithm design. He acknowledges his influences for the talk, reinforcing the importance of targeted learning in the field of programming.

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