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In this presentation titled "In a World of Middleware, Who Needs Monolithic Applications," Jon Crosby explores the evolution and benefits of using Rack middleware within the Ruby ecosystem, particularly in contrast to monolithic applications. He emphasizes the importance of choice in the current Ruby landscape, highlighting how new abstractions allow developers to create more modular applications. Key points discussed include:  
  
- **Introduction to Middleware**: Crosby begins by introducing Rack middleware, advocating against monolithic applications due to their drawbacks. He expresses the idea that recent advancements in Ruby invite more flexible and manageable solutions.  
- **The State of Application Development**: He discusses the historical challenges of building applications using older technologies like CGI, portraying a familiar situation where applications were tightly coupled and difficult to maintain. Modern frameworks, especially Rails, have introduced better abstraction patterns that separate concerns effectively.  
- **Middleware Explained**: Middleware acts as an intermediary in the application stack. Crosby illustrates this with a simple middleware example where functionality can be added or modified without altering the core application. This modularity enhances maintainability and facilitates features like authentication, logging, and error handling.  
- **Examples of Middleware**: Various middleware examples are presented such as Rack Profiler for performance monitoring, Rack::ShowExceptions for error handling, and Rack Cache for efficient caching mechanisms. These illustrate how middleware can be leveraged to enhance applications.  
- **Cooperative Middleware**: Crosby highlights the concept of

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