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Oh my gosh.
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Foreign.
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Thank you for having me at the Ruby Day Conference.
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Due to the pandemic, it is very difficult to visit and see you face to face, but thanks to technology, we can communicate via the Internet.
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Today, as a keynote speaker, I am going to talk about "Ruby 3.0 and Beyond."
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Ruby 3.0 was released on December 25th, 2020, so last Christmas we received this big update.
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The goal of this release was to improve concurrency, performance, and productivity.
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Concurrency is accomplished by Ractor and Async Fiber, while performance improvements come from these enhancements in the compiler.
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Productivity is targeted through Ruby signature RBS and the type graph.
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The basic design goals of Ruby 3 are compatibility, speed, and overall better performance.
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Let me explain them one by one.
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Regarding compatibility, nearly all Ruby programs will run on Ruby 3.0 without any modification.
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This is very important since compatibility matters.
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As a language designer, I feel this every day. Designing a language is difficult.
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Ruby should maintain a compatibility model.
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However, at the same time, we need to advance, as we are an open-source community.
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Our community members are not obligated to use Ruby.
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They use Ruby because they love it, but once they become bored, they might switch to another programming language or community.
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If we stop progressing, we risk dying as a community. That is the fate of open-source software.
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It's a contradiction because we must keep compatibility, and yet we have to move forward.
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As language designers, including myself, we make mistakes.
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Yes, I wanted to fix past failures and mistakes.
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However, sometimes the community relies on our design errors.
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Fixing them could lead to chaos.
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Once in a while, we release major versions like 2.0 or 3.0, which give us chances to fix past mistakes.
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I am always tempted to fix those bugs that break existing programs.
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However, breaking changes could cause significant pain to developers.
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In the history of Ruby, we suffered from something called the Ruby 1.9 tragedy.
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When I released Ruby 1.9, I had to make some compatibility changes to support encoding.
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The changes included improved Unicode support, which introduced compatibility issues.
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As a result, Ruby 1.9 and prior versions had a compatibility gap that affected our community for over five years.
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Some community members continued using older versions, while we tried to improve the language.
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This situation is tragic as some members became left out.
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A similar situation happened in other languages.
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We have seen communities split on issues like Python 2 and Python 3.
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In the PHP community, developers tried to create PHP 6 but lost compatibility, leading to its cancellation.
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They then restarted with PHP 7 while keeping compatibility to PHP 5.
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Similarly, ECMAScript 4 introduced drastic changes.
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They lost compatibility with earlier versions, leading to its cancellation and the introduction of ECMAScript 5.
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They gradually added new features while maintaining compatibility.
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This has proven that breaking compatibility does not work well with the community.
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Programmers love new things, yet they equally despise the pain caused by those changes.
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This is why compatibility matters.
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We have learned that we must make progress without breaking the past.
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New features should be designed with compatibility in mind.
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Except for a few bug fixes, programs should be able to rely on consistent behavior.
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I must confess, Ruby 3.0 did not maintain 100% compatibility due to necessary adjustments to keyword arguments.
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We had to address the confusion surrounding keyword arguments.
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This introduced some minor incompatibilities, which is unfortunate.
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However, previous behavior contained design bugs that we needed to fix.
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Apart from these corner cases, we strive to keep compatibility with Ruby 3.0.
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Moving forward with performance matters.
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As I mentioned, we faced fragmentation over five years.
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The Python community faced similar challenges and suffered for an even longer period.
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The difference lies in the size of our respective communities.
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Ruby 2.0 brought significant changes along with many compatibility issues.
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We introduced a new virtual machine, known as YARV (Yet Another Ruby Virtual Machine), which is considerably faster.
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The community was forced to migrate to Ruby 1.9, which added speed.
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The performance mattered a lot to users.
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The willingness to adapt to cleaner language syntax comes secondary.
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What we adore are the performance improvements.
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Performance comparisons are popular.
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However, micro benchmarks don’t define real-world performance.
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Programming languages serve multiple purposes, from game development to scientific computing.
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Measuring performance solely through micro benchmarks is misleading.
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Ruby operates efficiently for most real-world applications.
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For instance, Ruby on Rails software caters to robust services.
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It may not be the absolute fastest, but it is certainly adequate.
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Although performance matters, discussions often rely on micro benchmarks.
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We are continuously working on enhancing Ruby's performance across the board.
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This includes improvements for web applications, micro benchmarks, and everything in between.
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For example, we have introduced several upgrades to our garbage collector.
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We've implemented generational garbage collection in Ruby 2.1, then incremental garbage collection in 2.6.
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Ruby 2.7 introduced transient heap garbage collection, enhancing memory management.
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We also adopted object compaction to optimize memory allocation.
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These improvements significantly enhance Ruby's performance.
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Since Ruby 2.6, the introduction of the MJIT (Method Just-in-Time) compiler has further accelerated performance.
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This compiler dynamically generates native code, enhancing speed.
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One of Ruby 3's goals is to achieve "Ruby 3x3," meaning Ruby 3 is three times faster than Ruby 2.x in some benchmarks.
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Particularly in the Ruby benchmark suite known as "Optcarrot," we have seen performance improvements.
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For example, under Ruby 2.0, the benchmark function ran around 32.47 frames per second.
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In Ruby 3.0, it reached approximately 44.46 frames per second without using MJIT.
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With MJIT, Ruby 3.0 achieved 98.36 frames per second.
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This demonstrates a performance improvement exceeding three times the previous versions.
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MJIT provides substantial benefits to optimizing benchmarks, although it comes with some drawbacks.
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It incurs compilation costs and can raise security concerns.
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For instance, some servers prohibit compilers from being executed, which hinders our processes.
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Furthermore, too many C functions can push instruction caps and hinder overall performance.
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In JIT compilation, having too many methods can lead to instruction cache overflow.
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We are continuously working on enhancing MJIT and overall performance.
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In Ruby 2.6, Rails applications performed worse with MJIT.
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Yet in Ruby 3.0, these applications run as fast as without MJIT.
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We see promising improvements and continue striving for better performance.
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Next, let's discuss concurrency.
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The concept of concurrency relates closely to performance.
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When I created Ruby in 1993, even the fastest computers had only a single core.
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Today, with computers having multi-core processors, we must harness concurrent programming for efficiency.
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Ruby has historically struggled with threads due to its Global Interpreter Lock (GIL), which limits true parallelism.
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While it previously employed fine-grained locks, this approach slowed down Ruby performance significantly.
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Thus, implementing true concurrency in Ruby has proven complex, especially with existing paradigms.
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To address this, we have introduced two new concurrent entities: Ractor and Async Fiber.
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Async Fiber is designed for I/O-heavy tasks, utilizing a non-blocking approach.
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Many programming languages, such as Python and JavaScript, implement async I/O via promises.
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Consequently, Ruby 3 adopts asynchronous I/O with fibers, enabling developers to create non-blocking code effectively.
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Ractor, on the other hand, is intended for CPU-bound tasks.
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It promotes isolation, with communication executed via channels.
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This isolation enhances safety and prevents data races, allowing multiple Ractors to process independently.
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An example of this would be deep recursive calculations.
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The sequential version handles the recursion without isolation.
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In contrast, Ractors can run concurrently, increasing performance.
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This parallel execution makes Ractors an excellent solution for CPU-bound tasks and enhances overall Ruby performance.
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We continuously look to improve concurrency as we progress.
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In addition to enhancing performance, we are focused on static analysis.
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Ruby 3.0 should catch more errors earlier, allowing for safer coding practices.
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We are in an age where dynamic typing is morphing towards static typing.
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Languages like PHP and Python are adopting static typing features to enhance reliability.
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Even JavaScript has introduced TypeScript, a statically typed alternative.
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The Ruby community has remained steadfast in its vision of dynamic coding.
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Though we may not aim for full static typing, we should strive for better error detection.
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To achieve this, we introduced RBS (Ruby Signature) and TypeProf.
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RBS serves as a type declaration language resembling Ruby's syntax.
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This will be pivotal in providing greater clarity and coherence in code.
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We also have TypeProf, a tool to generate RBS data for your applications.
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Though the journey has just begun, we are optimistic about the contributions this will make.
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As Ruby 3.0 ships, RBS will be included for core and standard classes.
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This allows RBS to assist type checkers and improve your developer experience.
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Several VS Code plugins exist to assist with RBS in more efficient ways.
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We are continuously enhancing Ruby's static typing capabilities.
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Besides static typing, Ruby 3.0 has introduced new syntax.
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Pattern matching was introduced in Ruby 2.7 and has since been improved.
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Now, developers can retrieve data from structural hierarchies effectively.
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Ruby 3.0 also embraces new agile features like one-line pattern matching.
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Additionally, we added the ability to specify multiple symbols within arguments.
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This creates easier and clearer code, enhancing overall readability.
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Overall, we will continue to evolve Ruby towards a better future.
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Although some syntax changes are coming, we maintain stability and consistency.
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We will refine these changes and seek feedback from our developers.
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That is crucial for us as a community moving forward.
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Lastly, on a broader note, there is a need for improved support tools.
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Supporting tools enhance coding experiences significantly.
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We envision tools that bolster our language, elevate user contributions, and improve ease of use.
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We are excited to integrate language server protocols to assist with type checking.
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All these improvements ultimately contribute to a strong Ruby community.
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I encourage each of you to contribute to sustain and grow this community.
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Together, we will craft a better programming experience for all.
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Thank you for joining me today, and I look forward to collaborating moving forward.
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Now, let me take any questions.
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Anyone? Please feel free to ask.
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One question, will RBS support inline syntax, or is that too complex for Ruby's grammar?
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I'm not currently planning to provide inline syntax for RBS.
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Instead, I believe tools created by third parties can generate RBS from documentation.
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In the future, I want Ruby to become smart enough to infer types without explicit declaration.
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This approach can lead to a cleaner syntax with less clutter.
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Any more questions from the audience?
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I'm excited to hear your thoughts!
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Please do not hesitate to ask.
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Without performance constraints, what features would you love to see in Ruby from other languages?
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I would love to introduce a packaging system.
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Languages like Java and Python have more coherent module systems, which could benefit Ruby.
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While structured packaging might be useful, developers want simplicity as well.
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We should strike a balance and ensure imports don’t clutter our code.
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If there are no more questions, I will conclude my session.
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Thank you all for your engagement and participation.
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Feel free to explore and learn more about Ruby features post-session.
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We are excited about the future of Ruby.
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Whether it’s through new tools or enhancements, the prospects are immense.
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Let us all contribute and foster collaboration.
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Thank you for being here today, and I hope to see you all in future discussions.
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Goodbye, and until next time!
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Hello everyone and welcome back. Here is live Mats, welcome!
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Hi, thank you for having me! Thank you for coming.
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There has already been a lot of hype about you being here.
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We are super glad to have you despite the video quality issues.
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It happens; nothing to be sorry about.
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Everyone loved your talk anyways.
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So, we were asking if there are questions in the chat.
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Luca has one; let’s see what he says.
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Luca commented that monkey patching is prohibited.
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I’m not going to prohibit monkey patching; rather, be cautious with its usage.
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It could potentially disrupt other team members.
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What are your thoughts on this?
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Yes, Ruby is like a sharp knife. Active support is convenient but can lead to complexity.
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Special actions should remain obvious and contained.
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Refinements offer a more modular way to enhance existing classes.
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It's essential to maintain clarity while coding; let the code speak for itself.
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Are there any more questions?
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If there are no questions, are there any last minute thoughts you wish to share?
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As Ruby evolves, the freedom it provides is essential.
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However, developers must be responsible and considerate of their impact.
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Everything has two sides, and one can enjoy freedom while also respecting maintainability.
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We shouldn't take away developers’ freedoms but encourage responsible use.
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Ruby's future lies in collaboration and proactive contributions.
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There are plenty of ongoing projects to enhance our experience.
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Please stay engaged as we continue to refine Ruby.
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I am excited for what lies ahead!
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If there are no further questions, I will conclude.
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Thank you all! I appreciate your participation and enthusiasm!
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Goodbye!
