Cross-Compilation
Building maintainable command-line tools with mruby
Summarized using AI
Building maintainable command-line tools with mruby
by Eric HodelThe video titled 'Building maintainable command-line tools with mruby' features Eric Hodel discussing the advantages and methodologies of utilizing mruby and mruby-cli for creating lightweight command-line tools. Hodel, a Ruby committer and maintainer of many gems, highlights several key concepts throughout his presentation:
Introduction to mruby: Mruby is a lightweight implementation of Ruby, allowing developers to deploy Ruby in environments with limited resources. This makes it particularly suitable for building command-line tools that can run without the need for extensive user setup.
Transitioning from CRuby to mruby: Hodel discusses his experience migrating a command-line tool from CRuby to mruby, emphasizing the ease of creating a single binary executable with mruby's CLI capabilities. He outlines that while mruby offers many similarities to CRuby, developers must be cautious due to differences in the standard libraries and the absence of certain globals, which may require adjustments during the porting process.
Building and Testing with mruby-cli: He explains the process of using mruby-cli to manage dependencies and compile applications for multiple platforms (Linux, OS X, Windows). Hodel notes key aspects of the build system, including structured rake tasks and the challenges of cross-compiling external C libraries.
Development Patterns and Documentation: Hodel stresses the importance of maintaining clear documentation within command-line tools, which simplifies understanding and enhances user experience. He presents a design approach inspired by RubyGems, where subclasses help organize commands and associated tasks effectively.
Challenges Faced: Various challenges are noted, including debug difficulties due to inaccurate stack traces, testing setup complications, and the learning curve in adapting to the differences between mruby and CRuby. He provides recommendations for future improvements for both mruby and mruby-cli, like better documentation, refined backtrace accuracy, and enhanced integration processes.
Conclusion and Key Takeaways: Hodel concludes with the perspective that mruby CLI allows Ruby developers to leverage their existing knowledge to build efficient command-line tools without needing to learn a new programming language. He urges developers to consider adopting mruby for its capacity to maintain clean and manageable command-line solutions.
This comprehensive overview emphasizes not just the technical capabilities of mruby, but practical insights towards making command-line tool development more accessible and maintaining high software quality.
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Hello, welcome to the talk on building maintainable command-line tools with mruby. I'm Eric Hodel.
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In this presentation, I will discuss working with mruby and mruby-cli.
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I am a Ruby committer, a RubyGems committer, and the author of many gems.
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Currently, I’m on vacation from these responsibilities. Instead of working on Ruby in my free time, I've been spending a lot of time making shelves like these.
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This particular one is still a work in progress, and I'm trying to fill in that little gap there.
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I work for Fastly, a real-time content delivery network. This is our website, featuring Gordo, one of our amazing Fastly office dogs.
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Fastly supports open source, including hosting the Ruby Lang website and all the Ruby gems, including their downloads.
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We also have a Japanese Twitter account at Fastly Japan, so you can follow us there.
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In part one, I will cover a bit of the background on what mruby is and what mruby-cli is useful for.
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My exploration of mruby and mruby-cli started with a web API wrapper.
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We were building a new product at Fastly that involved new APIs, and I wanted an easy way to interact with them.
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This would allow me to demonstrate that the APIs are usable.
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So, I thought, why not choose mruby to write the wrapper?
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When we want to release something with CRuby, the user has to install the right version of CRuby.
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This is necessary for them to use the specific features they want. In addition, they also have to install any gems that they depend on.
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Then, they need to maintain those gems and inform others to update them as long as they are supporting the tool.
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This process can be daunting and involves a lot of work for users.
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mruby is very similar to CRuby, which allows us to start with a prototype in CRuby, port that code over to mruby, and then maintain it with less work for the users.
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So, what makes mruby more suitable for this type of work?
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mruby is a lightweight Ruby implementation, meaning you only need to use the parts of mruby that you require.
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This helps keep your project smaller and more manageable.
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It is also designed for embedding, which means you can run Ruby on low-resource hardware.
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This includes devices such as Arduino or Lego Mindstorms, as well as robots and set-top boxes.
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Moreover, you can embed it in other software, which is much easier than trying to embed CRuby.
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Similarly, mruby has libraries linked to gems, but it ships with a limited standard library.
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You can use gems to build your standard library to resemble that of CRuby.
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There are also standalone mruby libraries, some of which are C extensions. For instance, there's a C wrapper for the curl tool called mruby-curl.
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Given there have been many talks about mruby, I recommend checking them out if you're interested.
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At this year’s conference, there were three other talks about mruby, including one tomorrow. You can find recordings of all these talks on the Ruby Kaigi website.
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Since mruby is compiled, unlike CRuby, you might wonder how to get started with it.
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The first step is to edit your build configuration.
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Unlike CRuby, where you can load any gem at any time, with mruby, you must select which pieces to use in advance.
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You also choose which mruby gems to use and specify which compiler to use, especially for cross-compiling.
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mruby-cli utilizes this setup to build for multiple platforms, and you must indicate the library paths to link any C libraries.
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In fact, you can compile many builds for various platforms in a single step.
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If you are writing an mruby gem, you will fill out a mruby gem specification, which goes into the mrb file.
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mruby CLI applications also utilize the mruby gem specification, allowing you to easily specify dependencies, executable names, and test files.
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The mruby gem specification is where the metadata for your gem resides, including dependencies and binary specifications.
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The metadata consists of the gem's name, version, license, and other relevant details.
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So once you have these files configured, you run rake to build the binaries, executables, and libraries.
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Upon completion, you will find all the executables in the bin directory.
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With mruby-cli, your CLI team will have a built-in mruby executable, which you can use to write simple scripts or perform little tests.
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There will also be an mruby test executable, which is the test runner for your unit tests.
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The ultimate goal of mruby CLI is to allow Rubyists to build single-file executables in a familiar environment.
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Last year, Terrence Lee and Zachary Scott gave a talk about mruby CLI, showcasing the basics of the tool and how it works.
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I encourage you to check that out for a more extensive overview.
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The basic description of mruby CLI is that you can write Ruby and release software on Linux, OS X, and Windows.
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The typical development loop when using mruby CLI begins by writing some mruby code.
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Then you compile the code you’ve written, run the tests, and revisit the coding process if your tests don't pass.
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Once all your tests are passing, you can release your executables.
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When I first learned about mruby and mruby CLI, I anticipated an easy transition.
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However, I knew that some challenges might arise due to the differences in Ruby implementations.
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To begin with, mruby is not equal to CRuby; the implementation doesn’t support everything you would do in CRuby.
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The first issue I encountered was related to the modular standard library.
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Core classes in Ruby, such as String, Array, and Hash, are very limited in mruby.
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They only support the minimum number of methods you would need.
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To get the full CRuby experience, you need to add extension gems, such as mruby-array-ext.
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When you develop your own mruby gem, it can be easy to forget to add these dependencies.
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You might be using the features without realizing the gem isn't included, leading to errors when you try to use it elsewhere.
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Additionally, mruby has a smaller language feature set compared to CRuby.
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Outside of the preloaded library, there are no predefined globals such as load path.
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Everything is compiled, so none of the globals inherited from Perl or shell scripts exist.
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Some libraries you may wish to port over to mruby might depend on these globals, which necessitates workarounds.
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I also encountered difficulties with your document support when porting a library from CRuby.
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While I haven't reproduced the bug yet to file a good report on it, there are limitations.
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While keyword arguments can be used to call methods, you can't define methods that automatically check for them, unlike CRuby.
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Additionally, some gsub replacements don't function in mruby, so you may need to adjust your regular expressions for them to work.
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The backtraces in mruby have appeared less useful than those in CRuby.
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There is an issue where the backtrace line number may sometimes be off by one or two lines.
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As a result, when exceptions occur, you must be particularly careful in verifying the source of the error.
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It felt like I had to do much more exploring in the C sources than I did with CRuby projects when an exception is raised.
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However, I’m not sure if that stems from unfamiliarity with mruby or another reason.
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There are many pure Ruby libraries already written in CRuby that you might wish to use in mruby to simplify your work.
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Overall, porting from CRuby to mruby is relatively straightforward, but you must be aware of the restricted syntax.
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Unfortunately, porting tests is much more difficult due to differences in the testing frameworks.
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The gems for mruby feel reminiscent of Ruby 1.6 libraries, largely because fewer people have actively contributed to build up mruby libraries.
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As a result, you'll often have to spend time hunting for a library that suits your use case or submit patches to get libraries to work.
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So far, I've submitted patches to the guruma regular expression library, the curl wrapper, and the HTTP client.
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Additionally, I’ve made multiple patches to mruby-cli.
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The last challenge I want to discuss for mruby is getting build information from it.
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Since mruby is compiled, it needs to link in C libraries to compile successfully.
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With mruby-cli, you often need to cross-compile these C libraries with the correct C compiler, which can be complex.
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It's challenging to obtain information on which compiler to use for successful cross-compilation from the build system.
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I believe improving this aspect will make mruby's build system more flexible, but I haven't attempted to fix it just yet.
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I like mruby CLI; it was a new tool for me, and it took some time to learn the best usages.
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Several larger challenges arose with it, the first being Docker.
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The mruby CLI build system is built on Docker, which allows it to cross-compile for Linux, OS X, and Windows right out of the box.
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However, I found Docker rather clumsy to use for this purpose.
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Typically, Docker is used to run long-lived services, while mruby CLI only needs the container running for the duration of compilation or testing.
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Yet, despite its limitations, Docker appears to be the best option since there’s not much that needs to be done to get started.
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To initiate a build for your command line tool, all you need to do is run 'docker-compose run compile'.
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However, this command is quite lengthy and cumbersome to type, even for someone familiar with their shell history.
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Additionally, debugging compile issues from outside the container can be challenging.
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You have to start a shell inside Docker, determine the commands being run, and then execute those to reproduce any errors.
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When working in a Docker shell, it's harder to access your usual development environment and your shell history is lost.
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As a result, fixing problems becomes more complicated.
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The primary challenge I faced with mruby CLI was the build system.
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Most issues stemmed from the way tasks are organized.
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Currently, the tasks for building your mruby CLI executable and the mruby library are mixed together within a single rake command.
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This setup complicates the addition of your own custom tasks and their appropriate execution.
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For example, before compiling mruby-curl, the mruby C library must be built and installed across all platforms.
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However, achieving this by default is quite challenging.
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To address these challenges, I made improvements to the build tasks.
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The first improvement was separating the building of mruby from other Docker tasks.
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This allows me to cross-compile C libraries at the correct time.
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The second enhancement involved creating a rake file that exists outside Docker.
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This file starts Docker for me and helps perform additional tasks that do not require Docker and are easier to debug.
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The restructured build system runs rake three times.
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First, the outer tasks execute tasks that do not require Docker, which then starts Docker for the inner tasks.
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The inner tasks perform any necessary cross-compilation and set up before the mruby build process initiates.
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The outer tasks facilitate downloads of mruby, iterative compilation, and set up global tests.
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When it comes time to release, all the tasks are executed in a familiar development environment without extensive Docker debugging.
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The inner tasks that run within Docker cross-compile the specified C libraries and then call Rake again to compile mruby and run tests.
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Further benefits stem from these changes, as it is now simpler to incorporate hooks for custom tasks.
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There are defined phases of the build, making it straightforward to add additional functionalities.
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I can also speed up test execution by compiling only for the host platform during the testing phase.
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There’s generally no need to build for every platform since I can run my tests on the host's Docker platform.
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You will likely need a C library as a dependency in your mruby gem project.
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In that case, there are two options available for including C libraries.
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The first is static linking, which embeds the external library inside your executable, maintaining a single file executable.
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The advantage here is that you don't need to provide instructions for installing the correct C libraries to use your tool.
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However, the downside is that if any security vulnerability is found in that C library, you may need to re-release the gem.
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Static linking also increases the size of your executable.
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The second option involves dynamic linking, making vulnerability management easier.
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If there’s an exploit, the user should update the C library, and all applications using it would be updated automatically.
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This means less responsibility falls on you as the CLI author.
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However, the downside is that you lose the single-file nature of your tool and must provide installation instructions.
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Another challenge I faced with mruby CLI was cross-compiling the C libraries.
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mruby CLI can cross-compile executables for six different platforms.
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This means the C library dependencies need to be compiled for each of those platforms as well.
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For example, for libcurl, you can't simply install the libcurl development package inside Docker.
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Doing so would only work for your host system and not for macOS or Windows.
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Instead, you have to download the source, unpack it, and then cross-compile it using the correct cross-compiler for every platform.
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After that setup, you will configure mruby to use the different cross-compiled libraries you have built.
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To assist with automation, I created a small tool that automates cross-compiling dependencies.
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You can configure the library to cross-compile by providing a few parameters, such as its name and the source directory.
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The release name is used to create the source directory, as libraries do not always use consistent naming.
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You can also set a URL to fetch the source from and configure flags, like disabling OpenSSL if it's not needed.
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In part two, I will discuss the origins and structure of the command line tool.
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My exploration of mruby CLI began with a tool for our customer support team to configure the new service we were developing.
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Our service was, and still is, API-only, meaning there’s no web UI.
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The service has a complicated setup, so I wanted to automate common use cases to reduce errors.
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I also wanted a tool that our customer support team could send to customers to ease the burden of supporting the service.
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The solution to these problems was writing a tool that automates setup, validates user inputs, and minimizes errors.
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This tool would also provide design feedback on our APIs, fostering improvements.
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Before exploring mruby CLI, I started with prototypes in CRuby.
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The initial prototype was a single-file script that primarily served as documentation.
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It was easy for me to write, and customer support could modify it for their needs.
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However, it lacked flexibility to handle all their API interactions.
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As customer support's need grew, I split that script into multiple ones, each with its specific purpose.
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For instance, I created scripts to list options, perform initial setups, and enable or disable features.
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These changes created a more flexible architecture and were well-documented for future modifications.
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Finally, I extracted a couple of classes for reuse, including a basic implementation for our JSON API and one for argument parsing.
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These modular components streamlined the use of commonly shared arguments across many commands.
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What lessons did I learn from these prototypes?
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First, documentation within the tool is imperative.
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We had not yet budgeted time for service API documentation, so the command-line tool documentation proved useful.
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It turned out that roughly half the lines in the scripts were comments, enabling our support staff to understand what the tool did.
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They could then suggest improvements that would make their experiences better.
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Keeping the scripts simple increased overall understanding. None of the scripts required external dependencies, making installation easier.
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Most scripts were small with well-defined purposes, and large scripts were acceptable for automating significant actions.
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However, managing these scripts became quite challenging.
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Our development environments ran an older Ruby version that lacked keyword arguments, making scripts harder to read.
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Customer service would also write their tools based on the existing documentation, leading to multiple independent versions.
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This made support difficult for both the teams.
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Due to these challenges, I started investigating a switch to mruby CLI to reduce the maintenance burden while keeping quality high.
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I decided to build my command-line tool using a pattern from RubyGems.
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The subcommands for my CLI are implemented as subclasses of Subcommand, similar to those in RubyGems.
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Both utilize OptionParser to parse command line arguments.
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In the API, there are two methods; a setup method for defining the command line options and an execute method for running the command.
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For example, if we have a command to list conditions, the setup method would require a service and version, while the execute method fetches and displays them.
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To implement this in mruby, I ported OptionParser from the CRuby standard library.
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I chose this since it was familiar, well-documented, and offered features such as automatic type checking and argument completion.
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This reduces the amount of code I need to handle to verify arguments.
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Additionally, OptionParser provides shell completion as a standard feature.
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For API requests, I evaluated several HTTP libraries and chose mruby-curl, as it seemed the most mature.
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This library supports both HTTP and HTTPS, essential for our production systems.
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It enables persistent connections, optimizing the speed of HTTP requests.
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The only downside is the libcurl dependency, which must be cross-compiled and linked.
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As for testing, two mruby gems stood out: mruby-test and mruby-mtest.
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mruby-mtest provides a library for assertions, while mruby-test runs all test cases.
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Although using these gems is simple, setting up the test cases has been a pain.
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Testing became the most frustrating aspect of building the command line tool.
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Testing is crucial for maintaining quality software; however, I faced many adjustments due to the unfamiliar environment.
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The mruby-mtest gem operates similarly to MiniTest found in CRuby.
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You create a subclass of the test class, write test methods, and ensure to run the test suite at the end.
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There's no at_exit hook in place, so you need to ensure a final test run.
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In mruby, tests aren't executed directly using myrb; you must use the mruby-test gem, which provides a test runner.
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Unlike CRuby, where each test file operates under a single Ruby VM, each test file in mruby gets its own Ruby VM.
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This arrangement gives complete isolation between various test files.
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The design of the test runner poses some complications.
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Creating a global test helper requires preloading test setup in your mruby gem specification.
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I didn't discover this until recent days, and it has hindered getting things right.
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Moreover, there are complications with Docker; mruby CLI uses Docker Compose.
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However, most documentation I found focuses on the standalone Docker command.
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It took time to figure out how to set up DNS records so the tests could communicate with local development services.
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Although I would have preferred to mock these services out, that would mean writing all the setups in mruby.
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This would create significant trade-offs.
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Lastly, running tests in mruby CLI is notably slow, as it compiles all platforms beforehand.
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This makes the feedback loop lengthy when implementing small changes.
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To counter the global test setup issue, I preferred to conduct much of the setup in Ruby before running any tests.
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I then utilized the improved build infrastructure outside Docker, where it's easier to work.
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As I recently learned about test preloading, I passed necessary data from global setup into tests using environment variables.
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To enhance test startup speed, I adjusted rake tasks to build only for the host platform, which the tests utilize.
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This was beneficial since it reduced the compilation requirement to one platform instead of seven.
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mruby CLI supports bin tests or integration tests. Since I prefer strong unit tests, I haven't explored the integration testing as much.
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For integration tests, you would run your command and assert the output it returns.
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Approaching the end, there are improvements I'd like to see in mruby and mruby CLI.
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Regarding mruby CLI, I plan to contribute the enhancements I've made to the build system.
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I’ve already had discussions with authors about these improvements, and the maintainers have seemed positive.
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Documentation for mruby CLI could be improved, as it’s currently unclear where to start or what potential troubles you may run into.
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Moreover, I'd like to make upgrading to newer versions of mruby CLI easier.
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As things stand, you take your changes in your rake file and port them to the new version, which becomes increasingly complicated.
00:23:45.170
For mruby, I would like to see more accurate backtraces; for now, you need to keep close attention to the line numbers.
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This focus on accuracy enables you to effectively track errors.
00:23:58.390
I also wish to separate loading the build configuration from generating rake tasks, simplifying integration with the build system.
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Finally, I’d like to see keyword arguments in method definitions.
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mruby's C API is quite simplistic in its argument checking difficulties.
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As a result, I'm unsure how keyword arguments will integrate into its current framework.
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Working with mruby has also highlighted aspects I'd like to see improved in CRuby.
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One improvement is with the C API function mrb_get_args, found in mruby's C API.
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This function extracts method arguments from Ruby method calls into a C function for mruby.
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The function lets you specify types for every argument and performs automatic type checking and conversion.
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This functionality makes it easy to write a C method in mruby.
00:25:00.460
The equivalent in CRuby is rb_scan_args, which is less expressive, allowing only for checking the number of arguments.
00:25:08.560
Finding information on test preload was challenging; I read the documentation several times.
00:25:15.850
It wasn't until after that I realized how to leverage the preload functionality.
00:25:22.290
I think more thorough documentation accompanied by examples would clarify these concepts.
00:25:29.000
Moreover, there should be some automation for setup, possibly by designating a specific filename to auto-load.
00:25:35.780
Unfortunately, all tests run every time without any options for filtering by test name or file.
00:25:42.830
If you're focusing on changes causing many tests, you must manually scan through all of them.
00:25:50.410
Implementing a name filtering option would be tremendously helpful.
00:25:57.570
Thank you! Are there any questions?
00:26:13.000
As to the idea of opening a browser using mruby, you would need to link to a C library for a browser.
00:26:20.360
This way, you could control it through mruby.
00:26:27.120
Earlier in the day, Cohesion presented a GTK WebKit binding using GObject.
00:26:32.720
You could probably link mruby to GObject, gaining access to those functionalities.
00:26:41.800
So yes, that's feasible. Be sure to check out his talk for more ideas on accomplishing that.
00:26:50.150
The C APIs in mruby and CRuby have many similarities, so there is minimal learning curve.
00:26:56.560
Thank you for your informative presentation.
00:27:02.260
My question is, what is the most important advantage of mruby over rivals like Go?
00:27:07.920
What sets mruby CLI apart from Go or other tools?
00:27:14.270
For me as a Rubyist, I know Ruby well; learning a new language could delay development.
00:27:20.780
With mruby CLI, I can train my team to code efficiently without needing extensive education in another language.
00:27:28.750
Does that make sense?
00:27:34.780
Thank you!
00:27:41.740
Are there any additional questions?
00:27:49.470
Could you elaborate on the debugging difficulties you mentioned in relation to stack traces?
00:27:55.360
Yes, my stack traces show inaccuracies despite debug mode not being on.
00:28:01.160
The line numbers are often off by a couple of lines.
00:28:07.600
I’m not certain if debug mode helps; sometimes it could be a simple typo causing the confusion.
00:28:12.780
The discrepancy leads to significant time spent returning to check previous lines.
00:28:18.480
I will certainly research the debug options after the session concludes.
00:28:25.240
Thank you for bringing that to my attention.
00:28:32.550
Additionally, I should perform minimal reproduction tests to locate the issues.
00:28:39.960
Have you had experience using testing in a CI environment?
00:28:45.220
I have successfully set up mruby CLI with Travis CI, which uses Docker to execute rake tests.
00:28:51.030
At Fastly, we also utilize a proprietary gem, which requires setting up a deploy key for Travis.
00:28:58.500
Otherwise, the tests run smoothly in Travis without issues.
00:29:05.000
Thank you again for your kind attention!
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